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1. Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, 1926.

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3. Encyclopedia Judaica Jerusalem, 1972.

4. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, English translation, Macmillan, New York, 1979.

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7. Personal communication between Robert S. Sherins, M.D. and Angela Semakova, researcher at the International Center for Genealogical Research, Kiev, Ukraine, June 2002.

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